Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) are tax-advantaged individual savings accounts designed specifically to pay for the medical expenses of individuals who are enrolled in high-deductible health plans (HDHPs).
As long as HSA funds are used to pay for qualified medical expenses, account owners will not pay income tax on the amount withdrawn.
The funds in these accounts are similar to any normal investment account, with the account owner fully owning all contributions, even if they are made by an employer, and being able to invest the funds into various investment options the financial custodian offers, which will typically be a range of mutual or index funds.
If you don't have an HSA yet, check out our list of the Best Places To Open An HSA Account.
High Deductible Health Plans
High-deductible health plans offer lower premiums than traditional health insurance plans, with the trade-off being much higher deductibles (the amount that the insured person must pay before the insurance company will begin covering part or all of the cost of the medical treatment or item) than traditional health insurance plans.
For 2020, the minimum health plan deductible to qualify as an HDHP is $1,400 for single tax filers and $2,800 for joint tax filers ($1,350 and $2,700, respectively, for 2019).
For 2021, the minimum health plan deductible stays the same at $1,400 for single tax filers and $2,800 for joint tax filers.
The other requirement is the maximum out-of-pocket expenses the plan allows, which for 2020 is $6,900 for single filers and $13,800 for joint filers ($6,750 and $13,500, respectively, for 2019).
For 2021, the maximum out-of-pocket expenses the plan allows rises to $7,000 for singles, and $14,000 for family coverage.
These limits apply to the plan's in-network costs; there are no specific limits defined for out-of-network costs and coverage.
The Triple Tax Advantage Of HSAs
Contributions to HSAs are tax-advantaged at three levels:
1.) The amount of the contribution is tax-deferred, meaning it is deducted as an adjustment on page one of the account owner’s income tax return and not subject to income tax until it is withdrawn
2) Withdrawals used for qualified medical expenses are never taxed,
3) Investment gains within the account are also never taxed, as long as they are also used for qualified medical expenses.
These are three powerful benefits that exceed the advantages offered by many other tax-advantaged accounts.
These tax advantages are why we call the HSA the Secret IRA!
HSA Contribution Deadline
You must contribute to your health savings account by the tax filing deadline for the year in which you're making your HSA contribution.
Note For 2019 Contributions: The IRS has confirmed the HSA contribution deadline is extended until 7/15/2020. See this FAQ (Question #21). Learn more on the tax filing deadline.
Here are some deadlines:
- 2019 HSA Contribution Deadline: July 15, 2020
- 2020 HSA Contribution Deadline: April 15, 2021
- 2021 HSA Contribution Deadline: April 15, 2022
2021 HSA Contribution Limits
The IRS announced on May 20, 2020 that they are increasing the HSA contribution limits again.
Contribution Type | 2020 Contribution Limit |
|---|---|
Employer + Employee | Self-Only: $3,600 Family: $7,200 |
Catch up contribution (Age 55 and up) | $1,000 |
There are no income limits to be eligible to contribute to an HSA although you do need to enroll through your employer and have a high-deductible health insurance plan in order to qualify.
Contributions are also 100% tax deductible at all income levels.
2020 HSA Contribution Limits
The IRS announced on May 28, 2019 that they are increasing the HSA contribution limits.
Contribution Type | 2020 Contribution Limit |
|---|---|
Employer + Employee | Self-Only: $3,550 Family: $7,100 |
Catch up contribution (Age 55 and up) | $1,000 |
2019 HSA Contribution Limits
Last year, the IRS announced the limits for 2019 were going up! That's a huge win for savers!
Contribution Type | 2019 Contribution Limit |
|---|---|
Employer + Employee | Self-Only: $3,500 Family: $7,000 |
Catch up contribution (Age 55 and up) | $1,000 |
There are no income limits to be eligible to contribute to an HSA although you do need to enroll through your employer and have a high-deductible health insurance plan in order to qualify.
Also, remember you can contribute to your 2019 HSA all the way until April 15, 2020 - the tax deadline. So, if you still have some room in your account, top it up and save on taxes (and save for yourself too)!
Final Thoughts
For those who are already using an HDHP and expect to have a significant amount of qualified medical expenses, the benefits of avoiding income tax on these expenses far outweighs to effort to set up an HSA and incur the annual management fees that the financial custodian may charge.
Combined with the fact that there are no income limits or phase-outs to qualifying for HSAs, this can be a valuable tax-advantaged strategy for anyone with an HDHP.
Are you eligible to contribute to an HSA? If so, are you taking advantage of the triple tax advantage?
Robert Farrington is America’s Millennial Money Expert® and America’s Student Loan Debt Expert™, and the founder of The College Investor, a personal finance site dedicated to helping millennials escape student loan debt to start investing and building wealth for the future. You can learn more about him here.
He regularly writes about investing, student loan debt, and general personal finance topics geared towards anyone wanting to earn more, get out of debt, and start building wealth for the future.
He has been quoted in major publications including the New York Times, Washington Post, Fox, ABC, NBC, and more. He is also a regular contributor to Forbes.
Jeff Maudlin says
My wife and I have an HSA through her employer. We haven’t funded it this year because we are confused regarding our eligibility.
I turned 65 this past October and began Medicare.
My wife will turn 65 in March of this year.
Are we able to contribute the whole $7900 for 2018 or are we only able to contribute a pro-rated amount based on when I went on Medicare?
Robert Farrington says
To confirm, you are enrolled in Medicare for 2018, and your wife has an HSA eligible plan for 2018? If so, then Yes, if he is otherwise HSA-eligible. Individuals don’t have to be the medical plan subscriber to be HSA-eligible. You or your spouse can then make tax-deductible contributions into his HSA, up to the family maximum if you remain covered on a family contract (even if only he is HSA eligible). For some couples, this provision in the law allows them to continue to contribute to an HSA (and build tax-free balances for distribution in retirement) for several years after the older spouse enrolls in Medicare.
Next year, just because your wife turns 65 doesn’t change anything. If she continues on her employers plan, and remains HSA eligible (for example, doesn’t enroll in Medicare), then the same rules apply.
Richard Rummage says
Twice in your article you make the following statement: “There are no income limits to be eligible to contribute to an HSA although you do need to enroll through your employer and have a high-deductible health insurance plan in order to qualify.”
I do not have an employer – am I not allowed to establish an HSA if I am otherwise qualified (i.e. have an HDHP)?
Robert Farrington says
A better way to state is is having a qualifying high-deductible health insurance plan. If you’re self employed and have a qualifying plan (or unemployed and have a qualifying plan), you can still open an HSA.
Check out this list to find places outside an employer: https://thecollegeinvestor.com/22222/best-hsa/
Vismay says
We were on my wife’s HDHP for 3 months (March – April – May) in 2018 during which we contributed in total $300 and her employer contributed $250 in total to HSA(total HSA balance is $550).
Then as I got a new job we changed it to my employer Health plan which is a regular health plan and we also have FSA of total $750 (For which my employer is deducting from my every paycheck.)
We wish to contribute additional $1000.00 to HSA for 2018 to use in time of need in future (with understanding that for 3 months of HSA we can contribute in total up to approximately $1600.00)
Question – Can we contribute this amount to HSA account for 2018 to take most advantage of HSA now in March 2019 that we have a regular health plan (with FSA)?
Robert Farrington says
If you only had partial year eligibility, you must pro-rate the amount of your contribution. Assuming you were on a family plan (since it was your wife’s), your contribution max is limited to 3/12 * $6,900 = $1,725 for the year.
Since you were only at $550 contributed, you can contribute another $1,175 into your account all the way until April 15 – just like an IRA. Just make sure you mark your contribution as 2018.
Suzanne says
I am filing 2018 taxes jointly with my husband. We have individual HDHP, mine is for an individual and his covers him and his 2 kids which we do not claim on taxes. Based on this can I contribute $3450 to my HSA and can he contribute $6900? Or do we fall into complying with the overall maximum of $7000?
Robert Farrington says
For 2018, the maximum you could have contributed as an entire family is $6,900.
Brad Comer says
I have a HDHP at work that covers myself and my son. My wife has a HDHP at her employer. Are we limited to one family deduction ($7,000), or can I contribute the family amount while she separately contributes the single amount ($3,500), for a total of $10,500?
Robert Farrington says
You are limited to $7,000 no matter how you split it. You could each do $3,500, or $7,000 into one account. And be careful if either of your employers contributes, as that counts towards the limit as well.
Mike Webster says
I was told I could contribute to an HSA and pay for my medical expenses myself without using the HSA balance but save a receipt for the expenses for later use. Then, after 20 years of medical expenses I self paid for, I could submit the 20 years of saved receipts to essentially use my HSA balance as income without having to count it toward my taxable income. Can you please verify if this is accurate, or point me in the right direction to get more details about what this person may have been trying to tell me?
Robert Farrington says
That’s correct. You can’t go backwards for expenses when you didn’t have an eligible plan, but you can always reimburse in the future. We call the HSA the “secret IRA” for this reason. Read more here: https://thecollegeinvestor.com/17565/hsa-secret-ira/
Brenda says
Our young adult daughter is on our family insurance HDHP, but since she is no longer our tax dependent, my understanding is that she can open her own HSA since we can no longer use ours to pay for her medical expenses. My question is what is the maximum that she is eligible to contribute to her HSA? Since she is on a family plan, can she contribute the $7000, or is she restricted to the single amount of $3500?
Robert Farrington says
If you adult daughter is on a qualifying HDHP that is a family plan, she can open her own HSA and contribute up to the family maximum. Note – you could also help her fund her HSA up to the family maximum.
This is the perfect sweet spot. I would actually recommend you fully fund her HSA and treat it like an IRA – never taking money out. You could really set her up for financial success.
Brenda says
Thanks for confirming what I thought was the case. Her bank where she set up an HSA, however, will not allow her to contribute more than $3500. I even questioned them, but the manager said they went through their compliance department, and were told that since she has no dependents, she could not contribute up to the family limit.
Robert Farrington says
I don’t know where you setup her HSA, but it doesn’t sound like a solid provider. Read this: best HSA providers.
Mario says
Both my wife and I are over 55. I am the only one working and through my employer, who has an HDHP, we started maxing out the HSA as follows:
– I pay in $7,000 into the plan yearly
– The company provides a $1,000 yearly contribution
This sets us up for the maximum $8K that is allowed in our plan. Now, if we wanted to invest the additional $1K to take us to the $9K maximum allowed per family by the IRS, can we open up an HSA for my wife – even though she is not working but is on my employer health plan?
Robert Farrington says
The max is $8,000 for a family – $7,000 plus a $1,000 catch up. You have to include your employer’s contribution into the contribution maximum. So you don’t have anything “additional” you can contribute.
valia says
I am over 55. My HDHP policy will begin on January 1, 2020. Can I contribute to HSA for 2019 for tax purposes until April 15, 2020 although I didn’t have HSA for 2019? If so how much that amount would be?
Robert Farrington says
No, you line up your qualifying HSA contributions with your HDPD policy. See you didn’t have a HDPD policy in effect in 2019, you cannot contribute to an HSA for 2019.
Steve says
Planning ahead for 2020, I am continuing my individual COBRA HDHP until it expires at midnight on May 31st. Then I have to purchase a three-month gap policy until September when I go on Medicare. I am looking to fund the HSA at the beginning of the year, so I am double-checking to see if I can only contribute $1,895 (5/12th), or the full $4,550,or something else?
Thanks
Robert Farrington says
You can contribute for the months you’re on a qualifying HDHP – so 5 months ($1,895).
Kerry Seal says
I have a HDHP for 2020 with a max deductible of $8900 each and $17800 family for my wife and I, which means we are not eligible to contribute to my HSA I started with my employer before retirement…is this correct?
Robert Farrington says
If the plan doesn’t advertise an HSA, then you’re not eligible. All eligible plans will state HSA eligible.
Colleen Fahey says
Can you use money you are earning in 2020 to fund your 2019 HSA?
Robert Farrington says
You can make your 2019 HSA contribution all the way up until April 15, just like an IRA.
Donna F says
I haven’t opened an HSA yet. Can I open one now and put monies in from 2019 of my HDHP I’ve had was eligible in 2019?
Robert Farrington says
Yes! If you were eligible for 2019, you have until April 15 to make your contribution for last year (just like an IRA).
Lisa F says
My spouse has a HDHP and a HSA account through his employer and I have a separate HDHP HSA eligible plan through the marketplace. I do not have an HSA account. Is the max that we can contribute to his HSA acct $3,500 for 2019 (Not $7,000)? My understanding is that I can use his HSA account… I don’t know how to go about getting an HSA account for myself since my plan isn’t through my employer.
Robert Farrington says
It sounds like you both maintain individual insurance plans – no family plan? If so, you would each want to contribute the $3,500.
For you, don’t fear! You have until April 15 to both open an HSA account and contribute for 2019. You can open an account at one of these HSA providers.
Gwen Bolden says
I have an HSA with my current employer and contributed to the plan in 2019 via payroll deductions. I would like to take advantage of some tax savings and contribute more before the new tax deadline of July 15, 2020. If I send a check directly to my HSA bank with additional contributions and a catch up, would it be tax deductible? Or must I go through payroll as a deduction?
Robert Farrington says
No, you can “top-up” to the maximum amount allowed each year if you didn’t fully contribute via payroll. Check your HSA provider’s website for how to do it. Usually, they have a deposit option.
Ariel Gross says
I had a HDHP with HSA with my employer from January 2019 through October 2019. I am no longer with this employer and I no longer have a HDHP. Can I still make a 2019 contribution to my HSA so long as I don’t exceed the prorated amount on the $3500 max/year? Also, do my employer’s contributions count towards that maximum?
Robert Farrington says
Yes, your employer’s contributions count. And yes, you have until the tax deadline to make any “top up” contributions – just make sure you don’t exceed the maximum.
Most HSA plans have a deposit link online, where you select the plan year for your additional deposit – very similar to making an IRA contribution.