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Home » Loans » Student Loans » Loan Forgiveness » Understanding Student Loan Debt Forgiveness and Insolvency

Understanding Student Loan Debt Forgiveness and Insolvency

Last Updated On May 23, 2019 Robert Farrington 21 Comments

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student loan debt forgiveness

If you get your student loans forgiven, there are situations when you may have to pay taxes on the amount of student loan debt forgiven. 

While some student loan forgiveness programs, like Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) are tax-free, others - like when you get your student loans discharged under Income-Based Repayment, are potentially taxable. 

However, there's one big exception - insolvency. Insolvency is a tax situation when your liabilities (such as forgiven student loan debt) exceed your assets (like the money in your savings account). If you are technically insolvent, you may avoid some or all of the taxes associated with your loan forgiveness.

That is a big win for borrowers getting their loans forgiven under IBR, PAYE, RePAYE, or ICR. Let's break down what that looks like. 

Quick Navigation
What Is Student Loan Forgiveness?
What Is Insolvency?
Example Of Total Insolvency
Example Of Partial Insolvency
Why Most Borrowers Shouldn't Worry About Taxes On Their Forgiven Debt
Final Thoughts

What Is Student Loan Forgiveness?

There are four main areas of student loan forgiveness, and each has it's own taxability. We've talked about student loan forgiveness and taxes before, but here's a quick summary.

1. Federal Student Loan Forgiveness Programs - These include programs like PSLF, which are tax free student loan forgiveness programs.

2. Student Loan Repayment Assistance Programs - These are state-based or company-based student loan repayment programs, such as when your employer gives you $5,000 per year towards your student loan debt. These programs don't qualify for insolvency, but the amount awarded is typically considered ordinary income.

3. Student Loan Cancellation - These are programs that allow for the cancellation of your student loans. Some are considered taxable income, others aren't. For example, if you have your student loans cancelled due to a closed school discharge, that is considered taxable income. However, if you get your student loans forgiveness due to total and permanent disability, that is tax free (thanks to President Trump's Student Loan Programs). 

4. Student Loan Forgiveness Due To Repayment Plan - This is when your student loan balance is forgiven at the end of your repayment plan when you're on income-driven repayment (like IBR, PAYE, RePAYE, ICR). This type of student loan forgiveness is considered taxable income and could potentially qualify for insolvency.

What Is Insolvency?

Insolvency is a technical tax term meaning that your liabilities (what you owe) exceeds your assets (what you have). When it comes to student loan debt, the forgiven debt is considered income - which you'll receive a 1099-C for the cancelled debt. That amount must be reported and there will be taxes due on that "ghost" income unless the borrower can show they were insolvent at the time of forgiveness.

To figure this out, you must calculate your "insolvency amount". This is the difference between your assets and liabilities. If your insolvency amount is greater than the forgiven debt, then you can exclude it and not pay taxes on it. If the insolvency amount is less than the forgiven debt, you might have partial insolvency.

It's important to note that for the purpose of insolvency, the IRS takes into consideration all assets you own. This includes the basics like checking and savings account, and investments, but also includes things like your retirement account values, your real estate, any business ownership, even the value of your possessions. 

To figure out the liabilities, you include any debt owed (like credit card debt, mortgage debt, etc.), along with the amount of forgiven debt (your student loans). 

Example Of Total Insolvency

Let's take a look at an example of total insolvency to highlight how this works. This situation could apply to many borrowers dealing with student loan forgiveness, so it's a good example of what can happen. 

This borrower has been on IBR for 25 years, and the loans have grown to $70,000. However, he did manage to save a little in a 401k, and does have a few assets.

Assets

Liabilities

Checking Account - $2,000

Federal Student Loan - $70,000

Car - $8,000

Private Student Loan - $65,000

Personal Stuff - $5,000

Credit Card Debt - $10,000

 401k Value - $45,000

Total Assets - $60,000

Total Liabilities - $145,000

In this example, he has total assets of $60,000, and total liabilities of $145,000. That makes his insolvency number $85,000. Since his student loan debt was $70,000, and that's less than the insolvency number of $85,000 - the total amount of student loan debt "ghost" income will not be considered taxable income. 

Example Of Partial Insolvency

Let's look at an example of partial insolvency, which is more common for borrowers. In this scenario, there's more student loan debt, and slightly more assets. 

Assets

Liabilities

Checking Account - $2,000

Student Loan Debt - $170,000

Car - $8,000

Credit Card Debt - $10,000

Personal Stuff - $5,000

 401k Value - $65,000

Total Assets - $80,000

Total Liabilities - $180,000

In this case, the insolvency number is $100,000. Because the amount of student loan debt ($170,000) is larger than the insolvency number of $100,000, he still must include the remaining $70,000 as taxable income. 

Why Most Borrowers Shouldn't Worry About Taxes On Their Forgiven Debt

For most borrowers who are getting student loans forgiven, you shouldn't worry about the future tax implications of it. Making payments under an Income-Driven Repayment Plan are usually the best case scenario - if you could afford full payments, you would. You're on these plans because it's better than the alternative - default. 

Second, 20-25 years is a long time. There could be major changes to tax legislation before any amount of the debt is forgiven and potentially taxable.

Finally, the math still works in your favor. Only in extreme cases should larges amounts of debt be full taxable. Most borrowers will see themselves receiving total or partial insolvency, which will significantly reduce any tax burden.

And realize, you're now paying taxes on a much smaller amount of debt. For example, in the partial insolvency situation above, let's see how that would play out given current tax brackets. Let's assume this was a single guy or gal, making $45,000 per year. The taxable income of $70,000 would boost the total taxable income to $115,000. That moves him or her from the 22% tax bracket, to the 24% tax bracket. 

However, it's ghost income - meaning that you have to claim it even though no income came in. And that tax liability could hurt. That bumps his total tax bill from $3,770 to $19,010 - a huge change of $15,240. That's a big amount to pay. But, look at the big bright side. You just went from owing $170,000 on your student loans to owing just $15,240. 

You can easily setup a payment plan with the IRS, make some quick financial changes, and eliminate that debt rather quickly. 

For smaller amounts of debt, the math works out even better.

Final Thoughts

As with anything involving taxes, the math gets tricky, every situation is different, and you should really seek the advice of a tax professional when handling insolvency. It's complex, it has a high likelihood for audit, and so you want to make sure you do everything correctly. 

The big lesson here is to not fear the tax consequences of the secret student loan forgiveness programs. Yes, there are tax consequences, but they are manageable and better than any alternative out there.

Filed Under: Loan Forgiveness
Editorial Disclaimer: Opinions expressed here are author’s alone, not those of any bank, credit card issuer, airlines or hotel chain, or other advertiser and have not been reviewed, approved or otherwise endorsed by any of these entities.

Comment Policy: We invite readers to respond with questions or comments. Comments may be held for moderation and are subject to approval. Comments are solely the opinions of their authors'. The responses in the comments below are not provided or commissioned by any advertiser. Responses have not been reviewed, approved or otherwise endorsed by any company. It is not anyone's responsibility to ensure all posts and/or questions are answered.

About Robert Farrington

Robert Farrington is America's Millennial Money Expert, and the founder of The College Investor, a personal finance site dedicated to helping millennials escape student loan debt to start investing and building wealth for the future. You can learn more about him here.

One of his favorite tools is Personal Capital, which enables him to manage his finances in just 15-minutes each month. Best of all - it's free!

He is also diversifying his investment portfolio by adding a little bit of real estate. But not rental homes, because he doesn't want a second job, it's diversified small investments in a mix of properties through Fundrise. Worth a look if you're looking for a low dollar way to invest in real estate.

Comments

  1. Kyle says

    February 20, 2019 at 1:45 pm

    Curious….What do you think of this article regarding PSLF?
    https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/21/the-education-department-data-shows-how-rare-loan-forgiveness-is.html?fbclid=IwAR09nzKDAvtm1iQkhjalQx9HZ9SDSacE_aQX9kttu1ajeLlJHah0GKrin_Y

    Reply
    • Robert Farrington says

      February 20, 2019 at 2:56 pm

      Basically, the program is doing exactly what I’d expect it to be. Here’s my response: https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertfarrington/2019/01/22/why-the-public-service-loan-forgiveness-headlines-are-misleading/

      Reply
  2. Amy says

    February 24, 2019 at 5:37 pm

    I received a letter from the department of education and an application to have my loan forgiven from Everest University. That school got in trouble for fraud and was ordered to pay millions back to their students. I never made any payments because my loan was deferred so my loans were Not in default. Anyways I filled out app in 2016 and loan was forgiven the beginning of 2017. I haven’t received anything in the mail about paying taxes. It’s been over 2 years. Should I be worried about paying taxes. Please help.

    Reply
    • Robert Farrington says

      February 24, 2019 at 5:39 pm

      If you didn’t receive anything, you shouldn’t worry.

      But, you should ensure that your loans really were forgiven. Double check your loans to ensure they are all paid off: https://thecollegeinvestor.com/19370/how-to-find-out-who-owns-your-student-loans/

      Reply
  3. Michelle Ruby says

    February 27, 2019 at 8:52 am

    I entered into an employer loan agreement to assist with paying for college. I worked a certain number of years and they were to forgive debt. I still had debts greater than assets and had planned to claim insolvency and avoid the tax implications of the forgiven debt. I thought I would receive a 1099C to claim insolvency, but received a 1099-MISC , non-employee compensation, that is not eligible for the insolvency claim. Can you help with what I am missing? Is debt forgiven through an employer not eligible for the insolvency clause?

    Reply
    • Robert Farrington says

      February 27, 2019 at 12:52 pm

      Correct, an employer paying your student loans is considered income – basically like a bonus your company is giving you. So you will pay taxes on the amount.

      A company/employer cannot forgive your debt, they can just give you money to pay it.

      As such, you don’t qualify for insolvency as there was no cancellation of debt. You simply had it paid off.

      Reply
  4. Kay says

    March 7, 2019 at 5:26 am

    My daughter received several 1099-C’s for cancellation of a student loan. She had received a B-Ontime loan and met the qualifications of graduating within the set time frame. Her assets total around, maybe $700 and the loan forgiveness is over 43k Is this an instance insolvency would qualify?

    Reply
    • Robert Farrington says

      March 7, 2019 at 9:13 am

      Likely, but given the tax dollars at stake here, it’s best to work with a tax professional to file the correct forms accruately.

      Reply
  5. Anna says

    March 9, 2019 at 11:17 am

    First, thank you for the article. What still worries me about the idea of insolvency is the fact that I may gain many more assets over the period of 21 years. I would imagine that part of the point of lowering the monthly payment with an IBR plan is to be able to use money for other things like down payment of a condo. If I end up paying off a small condo in 21 years it seems I have little chance of having a huge gap between my assets and my six figure student loan. Especially adding inbthe value of my 401k 20 years from now.

    Does this only work if you intentionally try to keep your assets low? Would gaining ownership of a partners assets through marriage affect insolvency as well?

    Thanks

    Reply
    • Robert Farrington says

      March 9, 2019 at 3:11 pm

      Remember, your IDR payment is based on your discretionary income – 10% or 15%. To have a really low monthly payment, you also don’t make a lot of money. Your 401k definitely has potential, especially if you get an employer match, but the odds of gaining a lot of assets versus a lot of debt is typically pretty rare.

      Now, if your income goes up, you’ll have the potential to gain more assets, but you also have the ability to pay down your debt much faster (and you’ll also see your IDR payment rise anyway).

      Remember – the government only offers these repayment plans because they are betting on you NOT getting forgiveness. They see the statistics and know that most people will see their incomes rise of 20 or 25 years, and they’ll get the majority (or all) of their debt paid off before forgiveness.

      As for marriage – if you do get married, you may want to file separately for the year you expect to get a 1099-C so that your assets are just yours. You might also look at this: https://thecollegeinvestor.com/17807/the-math-behind-married-filing-separately-for-ibr-or-paye/

      Reply
      • Zach says

        August 19, 2019 at 5:49 pm

        My current payment on IDR is $0 month on $82,000 principle and 12,000 unpaid interest. Interest is still accruing and I have 22 more years before it’s forgiven. To just simply break even in interest at this point I’d have to pay $450/month.

        In 22 years I’ll owe way more than I do now because of the accruing interest. I am in a profession that I will never make a lot of money. I’m wondering if I should even try to make the interest only payments at this point or just let it go and accrue.

        Reply
        • Robert Farrington says

          August 19, 2019 at 9:04 pm

          You definitely shouldn’t pay more. Pay what you can afford, save what you can.

          Have you considered working in public service or for a non-profit? Then you can get Public Service Loan Forgiveness in just 10 years tax-free.

          Reply
          • Zach says

            August 20, 2019 at 4:40 am

            I’ve considered that but I’m a pastor and I didn’t think pastors qualified for PSLF

          • Zach says

            August 20, 2019 at 6:12 am

            Also- you don’t think I should pay the $450 to keep the interest from accruing? My principle won’t go down at all.

            I guess the more it accrues the easier it’ll be for me to stay in IDR

          • Robert Farrington says

            August 20, 2019 at 8:51 am

            Correct, pastors don’t get PSLF. Also, you shouldn’t pay it unless you can easily afford it. Maximize your loan forgiveness. The higher the likelihood of insolvency and still being able to save a little something.

  6. Andrew says

    July 2, 2019 at 10:28 am

    How would this work with a mortgage that has a balance on it? Is this also considered a liability ?

    Reply
    • Robert Farrington says

      July 2, 2019 at 11:24 am

      Your mortgage is added to the liability column for calculating your insolvency.

      Reply
  7. Christine Om says

    September 12, 2019 at 6:33 pm

    For the Pay As You Earn (PAYE) and IBR options of loan repayment is the loan forgiveness guaranteed if you make the 120 monthly payments or is it like the Public service option where you are eligible to apply for forgiveness at that point?

    Reply
    • Robert Farrington says

      September 13, 2019 at 8:59 am

      PAYE and IBR have loan forgiveness that’s guaranteed at the end of the repayment plan – which is 20 or 25 years depending on the underlying loans. This is simply an aspect of the student loan repayment plan.

      PSLF is 120 payments and has other requirements.

      This may be helpful: 4 Types Of Student Loan Forgiveness With Respect To Taxes.

      Reply
  8. Charles says

    September 25, 2019 at 7:22 am

    I’m having trouble finding an answer to this question and your example above is the first one I’ve see that clearly shows what I’m curious about.

    As the wording of the insolvency section in Publication 4681 states “don’t include a canceled debt in income to the extent that you were insolvent IMMEDIATELY BEFORE the cancellation” I believe I can count the forgiven debt itself as a liability? Other sites/examples have been unclear whether I can include that cancelled debt as a liability or I include only my other liabilities.

    Any clarification on this?

    Reply
    • Robert Farrington says

      September 25, 2019 at 8:47 am

      Yes, you take the snapshot of your assets/liabilities at the time of insolvency – which for this example of student loans, you would include that student loan balance on your liability sheet along with other debts (like credit cards, car loans, etc.).

      Reply

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