Why Colleges Can’t Just Cut Costs: The 3 Things That Actually Lower The Price

I've spent almost 20 years writing about student loans and how to pay for college. The one thing I hear more than anything else, from readers, from parents in our Facebook groups, from reporters, is some version of "college just costs too much." And the follow-up is always the same: "Schools need to cut costs."

I completely agree that schools need to cut costs and make higher education more affordable for students. The problem is, they really can't.

We pulled the research on every idea I've ever heard for lowering the cost of college: cut administrators, shut down sports, stop building dorms, go online, freeze tuition, send more state money, make Ivy League schools like Harvard spend their endowments. Then we ran the numbers on what each one would save a student.

The answer is a challenging pill for most families to swallow: there simply aren't many levers left for colleges to pull, and most of the ones that exist are worth a few hundred dollars a year. Picking up dollar bills gets you to $100 if you find 100 of them. The problem is there aren't 100 of them on the ground, and some of the bills are IOUs that move the cost to someone else.

The bigger surprise is that the cost of college families pay at public universities got cheaper - but families don't realize it because it's a black box. The sticker price went up, and the real net price went down. What went up is everything around tuition: housing, meal plans, fees, and the gap between a $25,830 year at the University of Florida and a $54,674 year at UC Berkeley.

Only four things in the research move the needle for a family - but they all fall on college buyers, not the schools themselves: buying less time, starting somewhere cheaper, changing how you take classes, and skipping the dorm.

Everything below is the breakdown, lever by lever, with the trade-offs for each.

Has College Actually Gotten More Expensive?

It's important that we talk about college the same way:

• Cost: What the school actually has to pay to educate a student
• Sticker Price: The list price of a college
• Net Price: What a family actually pays after financial aid

Sticker prices rose. Real net tuition fell. At public four-year colleges, net tuition and fees peaked at $4,450 in 2012-13 and sit at an estimated $2,300 for 2025-26 in today's dollars, according to the College Board's Trends in College Pricing (PDF File). That's a 48% drop in what the average first-time student actually pays after grants.

The 30-year story and the 10-year story point in opposite directions. Real sticker tuition at public four-years rose 101% over 30 years. Over the last 10 years it fell 7%, and at community colleges it fell 10%. Grant aid has exceeded community college tuition since 2009-10, which is why net tuition there is negative $1,190.

Public college has always been heavily subsidized, and the chart below is the long version of that story. In 1980, students covered about 21% of what public colleges took in to educate them, and in FY2025 they covered 38.4%, per SHEEO's State Higher Education Finance report. Even at full sticker, a public four-year student has never paid what the school spends. The spending line is SHEEO's measure of state money plus net tuition per full-time student, which leaves out housing, research, and hospitals, so it understates the full number in the next section on where the money goes.

Private colleges are running the same play with bigger numbers. The average discount rate for first-year students hit 54.5% in 2024-25 and an estimated 57.1% in 2025-26, per NACUBO, with 90% of first-year students getting institutional aid. A $45,000 sticker overstates the average student's bill by about $28,000. The most expensive colleges on our list almost never collect their list price.

Where Does The Tuition Money Actually Go?

Public colleges spent $49,372 per full-time student in 2021-22, and only 26% of it went to instruction. That's up from $36,205 in 2009-10 in constant dollars, according to NCES Digest Table 334.10. So cost kept climbing while the price students pay fell. Someone absorbed the gap, and the answer is states through aid, colleges through discounting, and families through student loans.

The fastest-growing lines since 2009-10 weren't professors. Hospital services grew 109% per student, net grant aid 57%, academic support 33%, student services 32%, and institutional support (central administration) 28%. Instruction grew 12%.

The honest way to read this for an undergraduate is to strip out hospitals and research, which are enormous at flagships and have nothing to do with the cost of a bachelor's degree.

The cost driver that best fits the last decade is the least exciting one. Benefit costs per employee at public colleges grew about 4% a year from 2002 to 2010 while salaries grew under 1%, and the Delta Cost Project (PDF File) called rising benefits "the main driver of higher compensation costs." Public enrollment is still 7.2% below its 2011 peak per SHEEO's State Higher Education Finance report.

The costs of buildings, pensions, debt, and tenured faculty are being spread over fewer students.

That is the cost of the people, not the number of people. It's also the setup for the next question, because when readers say "cut administrative costs," this is the line they're pointing at whether they know it or not. Our own analysis of administrative staffing found non-academic staff average about 10% of enrollment once you remove hospital and graduate workers. The issue is their costs.

Could Colleges Cut Administrative Costs?

Yes, and a 10% to 20% cut to central administration would save about $450 to $900 per student per year. Institutional support was $4,527 per full-time student at public colleges in 2021-22, so the math is simple. Spread the same cut across every overhead line (administration, student services, academic support) and the ceiling rises to $1,108 to $2,216 per student.

Those are budget savings, not tuition cuts, because nothing forces a college to pass them to the tuition line.

The "bloat" most people picture is more deans. The data say otherwise. Executive and managerial staff per 1,000 students at public research universities fell from 13 to 11 between 2000 and 2012, while professional staff in advising, IT, counseling, compliance, and fundraising grew everywhere, per the Delta Cost Project.

The administrative cost that climbed is what each employee costs, and that's where Mark Kantrowitz's staffing analysis and I land in the same place: this is a compensation story.

California is the clearest example. Compensation is about 75% of core spending at both the UC and Cal State systems. UC salary spending grew 5.9% a year and benefits 5.3% a year from 2015-16 to 2024-25, and every 1% raise costs UC about $55 million, per the Legislative Analyst's Office (PDF File).

Cal State's CalPERS employer contribution for staff is now 32% of pay, up from 18.2% in 2011-12. A dollar of salary in 2011 cost the system $1.18. Today it costs $1.32 before health care, and that's the kind of increase behind UC's cohort tuition plan, which took entering-cohort tuition and fees from $12,570 in 2022-23 to $15,588 in 2026-27.

That's administrative bloat in the sense that matters: the same people cost more. The reason a chancellor can't fix it is that pensions cover faculty too, and California's courts protect accrued public pension benefits from being cut. The legislature owns that lever, not the campus.

Real administrative cuts land in single digits, like the University of Arizona's 7.5% administrative reduction after a $177 million shortfall or Syracuse's administrative review after its first deficit in years.

The con here is that most of the professional staff growth is stuff students and parents asked for. Mental health counselors, financial aid officers, disability services, Title IX staff, and cybersecurity teams are "administration" in the data. Cut them and the complaint changes from cost to service, which is what happened when West Virginia University cut 28 majors and 143 faculty jobs in 2023 to close a $45 million budget gap.

The playbook for paying your college bill doesn't change much either way, because the savings don't reach the bill.

What Would Shutting Down College Sports Save Students?

At a typical Group of Five public university, students subsidize athletics at about $1,300 to $1,700 a year. At an FCS school it's $840 to $1,120. Only 22 of roughly 350 Division I programs took in more than they spent in 2023-24, and 20 of those were in the Power conferences, according to a July 2026 GAO analysis (PDF File) of NCAA data.

For most students, college sports are the largest single subsidy they can point to on their bill, and our earlier look at the GAO finding that 94% of programs lose money showed who covers the gap.

The math uses GAO's median "institutional contribution," which is student fees plus direct university support after the department's own revenue. That figure is $25.9 million a year at a non-Power FBS school. Divide by 20,000 undergraduates and you get $1,295 per student, or $1,727 at 15,000. For an FCS school the median is $16.8 million, or $840 to $1,120 per student. At Division II, GAO puts it at about $2,850 per undergraduate. At James Madison, the real-world version is $55.54 million in mandatory athletic fees from 21,006 undergraduates, about $2,644 each, the most of any school in the country.

The House settlement is making this worse, not better. Schools can now pay athletes up to $20.5 million a year, and the bill is landing on students. Clemson added its first-ever athletics fee at $300 a year in fall 2025, West Virginia added $250, and Virginia Tech's fee is rising from $732 to $1,032 by 2029, per Athletic Business. North Texas students voted down an increase 57 to 43.

The $1.77 billion athletes earned in the first year of revenue sharing is partly coming out of the pockets of students who never set foot in the stadium.

Dropping a division saves less than shutting the whole thing down. Moving a Group of Five program to Division II (median subsidy about $7 million) saves roughly $945 to $1,260 per undergraduate. Conference payouts disappear on the way down, some support is in-kind and doesn't vanish, and no school in the record cut its student fee after a downgrade.

UAB dropped football in December 2014 and brought it back six months later after donors pledged money. Hartford's own consultant estimated it would still lose $3.8 million a year in Division III against $13 million in Division I, and the Protect College Sports Act that passed the Senate does nothing to change that math.

The counterarguments are real but smaller than fans think. A top-20 football finish raises applications about 2.5% and a championship 7% to 8%, per the Pope and Pope study (PDF File). Donors, legislatures, and Title IX all complicate a partial exit.

My honest take: the ask isn't "shut down sports." It's "put the athletics fee as its own line on the bill and let students vote on it," because the schools that have done that have mostly lost the vote.

Would Cutting Programs And Merging Campuses Lower Tuition?

Almost never. The 2025-26 wave of program eliminations saved no documented dollars, because most of the programs cut had few or zero students. Of the 75 degree programs Indiana eliminated under its 2025 law, 68 had zero students enrolled, per the Indiana Capital Chronicle. Syracuse's provost said its 93-program sunset "was not a cost-cutting exercise." Penn State's 47 program closures follow the same pattern.

Mergers save real money in very small amounts. Georgia consolidated 14 institutions into 7 starting in 2011 and had redirected about $24 million by 2017, under 1% of an $8.8 billion budget, per the Chronicle of Higher Education. Pennsylvania's PennWest merger beat its personnel savings target and then missed its enrollment projection by 4,800 students and its tuition revenue by $53 million. Penn State's seven closing branch campuses needed $40 million a year to keep open, and closing them strands students more than it lowers anyone's bill.

The colleges closing in 2026 remove high-cost seats, but nobody has measured whether the displaced students end up paying less.

Catalog cleanup is good management. It isn't a tuition cut, and any school that tells you otherwise is counting savings it can't show you.

Why Are Dorms And Meal Plans So Expensive?

Room and board is one of the biggest drivers of rising college costs, and more and more colleges are making it a required expense.

Because housing and dining have to pay for themselves, schools have to pass on this cost including every dollar of construction debt. Campus housing is an "auxiliary enterprise," which means rents and meal plans must cover each building's share of debt service, maintenance, and depreciation with no state money, as the University System of Georgia's procedures manual spells out.

New student housing in California now averages $251,000 per bed and runs up to $400,000, per EdSource. 

Housing and food is now the biggest number on a public bill. It's $13,900 at public four-years in 2025-26 against $11,950 for tuition and fees, and it rose 4.4% this year while tuition rose 2.9%. Sector-wide debt service runs about $48 billion a year, roughly $750 per student at publics, and at Salem State students pay over $3,300 each toward building debt, figures Moody's and a faculty task force reported through the Hechinger Report.

The average meal plan runs about $5,656 for nine months, against roughly $2,200 to $2,800 of groceries on the USDA Thrifty Food Plan for the same period, a comparison that shows why families spent $34,019 on college last year.

I went into this believing that if every school stopped building dorms and only maintained what it had, prices would stabilize. The numbers half agree. If room and board had tracked inflation since 2000-01, a public four-year student would pay about $4,193 less a year today, per NCES Table 330.10. From a 2015-16 starting point, the gap is $120. Real room and board stopped growing a decade ago, and a third of the real growth since 2000 is food, not buildings.

A construction freeze would have saved a lot of money in 2000 and would save almost nothing now, while the student housing shortage pushes more students into private apartments that cost more than the dorm.

The amenities race is real, and it's rational from the college's side. Students will pay for amenities, and the ones who want them most are wealthier and less academically focused, according to the Jacob, McCall, and Stange study (PDF File) on colleges as country clubs.

LSU's $85 million rec center tripled the rec fee to $200 a semester. Student fees at public four-years rose 95% from 2000 to the mid-2010s, faster than tuition, which is why I tell families to read the fee schedule before the tuition page.

Then there's the part that makes the "skip the dorm" lever harder every year. A growing list of schools now requires two years on campus. Cal Poly phased in a sophomore requirement starting in 2020-21 while its own spokesperson acknowledged University Housing was still paying off debt from new apartments, per Mustang News. Michigan State reinstated its two-year rule for fall 2021 and said the added revenue would be reinvested in housing, a policy its student government later called one "primarily to increase revenue."

San Diego State's Sophomore Success Program requires non-local sophomores on campus, and Sacramento State starts a two-year requirement in 2026.

Former college finance officials I've interviewed describe the mechanism plainly: when a school borrows to build housing, the occupancy projection is the collateral, and a residency requirement is how you guarantee the projection. This cost is one of the six biggest money derailers in college that families never see coming.

Does More State Funding Lower Tuition?

Only a little. The best studies find that 6 to 32 cents of every added state dollar reaches in-state tuition, and the rest gets spent. Webber's 2017 study found a $1,000 per-student cut raised tuition $257, and older work found 6 to 10 cents on the dollar.

State funding per student in FY2025 was 9.2% above 2008 and total appropriations hit a record $130.7 billion, per SHEEO. The "state disinvestment" story that explained the 2000s ended around 2012 nationally, even though 24 states still fund below 2008 and state-by-state aid varies a lot.

Florida is the case that's going viral right now, and it deserves a closer look. The University of Florida's 2026-27 in-state tuition and fees are $6,440 on a $25,830 cost of attendance, per UF's own budget. UC Berkeley's 2026-27 in-state budget is $18,214 in tuition and fees on a $54,674 cost of attendance. Same flagship opportunity, $28,844 difference a year.

The reason is a statute: Florida sets resident tuition at $105.07 per credit hour, unchanged since 2014, and the state pays about 1.9 times what students pay. That's why our list of the least expensive colleges is dominated by Florida.

Florida is low price, not low cost. The state's own efficiency study (PDF File) from November 2025 shows operating cost per student rose 32% from 2017-18 to 2023-24 against 24.7% inflation, and credit hours taught per instructor fell 5%. The cost is being borne by out-of-state students, who got a 15% increase for 2026-27, the first since 2012.

Bright Futures, the lottery-funded scholarship, paid about $615 million in 2024-25, and the Orlando Sentinel found the top ZIP codes for winners all sit in the top 20% of income. Taxpayers and lottery players absorb Florida's cost growth so students don't. That's a political choice, and it's not the same as a cost cut.

Tuition freezes elsewhere follow the same pattern of moving the bill. Purdue has frozen tuition 14 years running on a nonresident share above 55%. Illinois's guaranteed-tuition law pushed fees up 40%. Texas froze tuition through 2026-27 and UT campuses raised non-academic fees instead, and Arizona's freeze is the newest version. 

At the end of the day, more state funding is helpful, and it could lower the price for students a little bit, but the cost is just borne by other people in the state overall.

Could Federal Loan Caps Force Prices Down?

Maybe, but it's not clear yet. Plus, this entire piece is focused on undergraduate education, which has had the same federal loan limits since 2008. We do expect some pricing changes at the graduate level, but that is outside the scope of this piece.

Starting July 1, 2026, Parent PLUS loans are capped at $20,000 a year and $65,000 per student, which ends the unlimited borrowing that let some schools price without a ceiling. Meanwhile, undergraduate Direct Loan limits didn't change.

The theory that financial aid inflates price (the Bennett hypothesis) holds where schools set their own price and students borrow to pay it. For-profit colleges with federal aid access charged about 78% more than comparable ones without it, per Cellini and Goldin. Selective private colleges captured 76 cents of each Pell dollar by trimming their own aid, while public colleges captured almost none.

So the caps hit hardest at high-sticker privates and graduate programs, not at the public universities where most Parent PLUS borrowers send their kids.

The economists who study this are cautious. Robert Kelchen, who found little national link between loans and price, expects "at most, a small decrease," per an NPR interview. The documented response from schools so far is private and institutional loan pipelines to replace the federal money, not price cuts.

The earnings test that Congress recently passed can only fail a program only if its graduates earn less than high school graduates, which under 1% of bachelor's programs do, and it contains no price component at all.

Families should plan on the borrowing limits changing what they can borrow, not what the school charges.

The endowment tax cuts the other way. The new 8% excise tier hits about five schools and costs Harvard an estimated $368 million a year, which is roughly its entire undergraduate aid budget. Expect slower financial aid growth at those schools, not lower prices, which brings us to the fun question.

What If Harvard And Yale Just Made College Free?

Yale could make attendance free for every undergraduate for at most $594 million a year, which is 28% of its annual endowment payout and 1.35% of the endowment itself. Yale enrolled 6,814 undergraduates in 2024-25 at a term bill of $87,150, its endowment distribution was $2.1 billion, and the endowment was $44.1 billion, per Yale's financial report (PDF File). Multiply 6,814 by $87,150 and you get $593.8 million if every student paid full price. Since 55% already get aid, the true added cost is somewhere between $267 million and $594 million.

Yale already went tuition-free for families under $200,000, along with Harvard, MIT, Penn, Rice, and Wellesley.

MIT's audited numbers put a hard ceiling on the idea. Every dollar of tuition at published rates across every MIT program was $825.5 million in FY2025, $502.1 million came back as aid, and net tuition was $436.1 million, per the MIT Treasurer's Report (PDF File). Making all of MIT free would cost 1.6% of its $27.4 billion endowment.

Princeton already covers tuition for most families under $250,000 and reaches 70% of undergraduates with $327 million. They don't go all the way for three reasons, and none of them is "they can't afford it," which is a point I'd make to anyone reading our list of tuition-free colleges.

The issue is that endowment money is mostly spoken for. More than 80% of Harvard's endowment is donor-restricted and under 5% is fully unrestricted, and the unrestricted funds ran a $212 million deficit in FY2025, per Harvard's financial overview. Undergraduate aid is only about 10% of Harvard's $2.5 billion payout. The rest funds research, graduate students, faculty, and buildings, which is a different answer than the one families get from the FAFSA about where aid comes from.

The second reason is new. The 8% federal excise tax on the richest endowments costs Harvard about $368 million and Yale about $280 million a year, roughly each school's undergraduate aid budget, per the Christian Science Monitor.

The third is who'd benefit. About 45% of Harvard and Yale undergraduates get no aid, and 15.7% of Ivy-Plus students come from the top 1% of income, per Chetty, Deming, and Friedman.

Free-for-all at Yale is a transfer to families earning over $200,000, the same families our most expensive colleges list is written about.

It also doesn't reach anyone else. Funding an $87,150 bill from a 5% payout takes about $1.74 million of endowment per student. Five schools clear that bar. T

he median college endowment in NACUBO's 2025 study (PDF File) is $253.6 million, which throws off $12.7 million a year, enough for about 145 students at Yale's price. The Ivy-Plus schools enroll 0.8% of American undergraduates.

The better question, which nobody at those schools wants to answer, is why Harvard has held enrollment near 7,000 for decades while its endowment grew tenfold. Berea College shows the model that does work: zero tuition for a student body that's over 90% Pell-eligible, funded by about $1.1 million of endowment per student and a mandatory work program, which is why it sits near the top of our least expensive colleges list every year.

What Are The Four Things That Actually Lower The Cost Of College?

Because of all of these major structural issues that are impacting the cost of college, the end result is that there are only really a few things that families can actually do to lower the cost of college. All of them involve making choices themselves.

1. Buy less time in college
2. Start at a cheaper school
3. Change how/where you take your classes
4. Don't pay for a dorm

In all the research we pulled, these are the only four levers that cut what a degree costs to produce, not just who pays for it. Everything else, from state money to tuition freezes to Promise programs, moves the bill to another payer.

These four actually shrink the bill, and a family can pull all of them without waiting for a college to change. Our piece on how students can avoid the full cost of college walks through the tactics in more detail.

Buy Less Time In College

A year you don't attend is a year you don't pay for, and that's the cleanest cost cut in higher education.

Three-year bachelor's degrees are now approved by accreditors at Johnson & Wales, Merrimack, Plymouth State, BYU-Idaho, and Weber State, Indiana requires every public university to offer one, and Texas ordered a statewide framework with recommendations due December 31, 2026. We estimated the Texas saving at about $26,000 per student.

The catch is that these programs are tiny (Weber State expected about 10 students in year one), they're mostly in applied fields with electives stripped out, and graduate schools haven't said whether they'll accept them.

Dual enrollment another version. Nearly 2.5 million high schoolers took a college course in 2022-23, per the Community College Research Center, and a lottery-based study of early college high schools found bachelor's attainment of 30% versus 25% by year six at about $3,800 of extra cost per student.

A CLEP exam costs $93 against a course that averages more than $900, and a bipartisan bill would let students use financial aid to pay for it. Thirty credits earned in high school is a full year of tuition at the public price, about $12,000, plus a year of housing you never buy.

Start At A Cheaper College And Transfer

English 101 is the same class at a community college as it is at a four-year university, and in California it costs $1,380 a year instead of $14,934 at UC or $6,450 at Cal State, per the Legislative Analyst's Office (PDF File).

Two years of lower-division courses at a California community college followed by two years at a UC saves about $27,000 in tuition against a four-year UC start, and about $10,000 against Cal State. Our list of states with free community college drops that first number even lower in some states.

The guarantee is what makes California the model. An Associate Degree for Transfer guarantees admission to the Cal State system, and the UC Transfer Admission Guarantee gives community college students a guaranteed place at Davis, Irvine, Merced, Riverside, Santa Barbara, or Santa Cruz if they meet their campus's GPA and course requirements.

Florida's statutory 2+2 does the same for every associate degree graduate. Employers don't care where the first two years happened, as an NBER study of community college bachelor's degrees found.

This is what the systems were built for. California's 1960 Master Plan sent the top 12.5% of high school graduates to UC, the top third to Cal State, and everyone else to a community college with a transfer path, and every state with a serious community college system copied the idea.

Community college was built to be a cheap on-ramp. Families keep driving past it to pay full price at the four-year campus, which is the gap our coverage of community college student loans keeps running into.

Community colleges are also skipping the transfer step and awarding the bachelor's degree themselves. Twenty-four states now allow it, 214 colleges offered 763 bachelor's programs as of December 2025, and more than 16,000 students graduated from them in 2023-24, per the Community College Baccalaureate Association.

Florida sets the tuition in statute: $71.98 per credit for lower-division courses and $91.79 for baccalaureate courses, which is about $9,800 in tuition for the whole degree. California caps upper-division fees at $130 per unit against $46 for lower-division, roughly $10,560 for all 120 units, and Newsom signed two laws in 2026 letting districts add up to 12 new bachelor's programs a year starting in 2028, on top of the 66 degrees at 49 colleges already approved.

The case for starting cheaper got stronger when UC went test-blind. UC San Diego's remedial Math 2 course, which covers grades 6 through 12 material and carries no degree credit, grew from under 100 students a year in 2016 to 921 students (with Math 3B) in fall 2025, about 12% of the incoming class, and over a quarter of the students placed into it had a 4.0 high school math GPA. That class costs about $1,762 in UC tuition and fees, and every extra quarter it adds costs about $6,608. A student who needs to catch up on algebra can do it at a community college for a fraction of that, and a student who finds out college isn't for them finds out for $1,380 instead of $15,000.

The con is that the transfer has to actually happen. Nationally, 33% of community college starters transfer and 16% earn a bachelor's within six years, per the Community College Research Center (PDF File), and public-to-public transfers lost about 37% of their credits in GAO's cohort (PDF File). In California, the state auditor found only 1 in 5 students who intend to transfer do it within four years. 

Change How You Take Classes

Online and self-paced programs lower the price at a handful of providers built for volume, but they generally don't lower it anywhere else. 

UF Online charges Florida residents $111.92 per credit, 75% of the on-campus rate, which works out to about $4,477 less over a 120-credit degree, per UF Online's tuition page. Western Governors University charges a flat $3,760 to $5,325 per six-month term for as many courses as you can finish, and it enrolled 192,613 students in 2025.

University of the People charges no tuition and about $7,260 in assessment fees for a whole bachelor's degree, and it earned WSCUC accreditation in 2025, though it doesn't take federal aid and publishes no completion rate.

The caveat is bigger than the savings for a lot of students. A 2025 WCET survey (PDF File) found 74.4% of colleges charge the same tuition online as in person, and 12.4% charge more.

Online doesn't lower a college's cost to deliver a course. It lowers the price only where a provider spreads course costs over tens of thousands of students.

And the learning evidence cuts against the students most likely to go online to save money: Bettinger and colleagues found online courses lowered grades 0.44 points on a 4-point scale and cut next-semester re-enrollment about 9 points, concentrated among below-median students. WGU's graduation rate is 54%.

If you're a strong, self-directed student, the discount is real. If you're not, the cheapest degree is the one you finish.

Don't Pay For A Dorm

Living at home is the single largest saving lever available to a student, and it needs no permission from a legislature. The gap at UF between living on campus and living with parents is $9,590 a year. At Berkeley it's $15,246. The Berkeley Student Cooperative charges $9,276 a year with food, against $18,335 for the cheapest campus package, per EdSource.

About 27.5% of undergraduates already live with parents, and only 15.6% live on campus, which makes the dorm a minority experience that gets priced like the default. Our room and board article covers the trade-offs in more detail.

The con is the one from section six. If the school has a two-year residency requirement, this lever is off the table unless you qualify for an exemption, usually a commute from a parent's home within a set radius.

Ask about the requirement and the exemption rules before you deposit, not after. My standing advice is to price the full four-to-five-year cost of attendance with 5% to 8% annual increases on every line, then decide if you're willing to pay that number. For most families, the dorm line is where the number changes most.

College Savings Calculator

How Families Can Use This To Pay Less

Stop waiting for colleges to cut costs and stack the four levers yourself.

A student who enters with 30 credits from dual enrollment, AP, or CLEP, finishes in three years, and lives at home for two of them cuts a public four-year degree by about $44,000 against the College Board's averages (one year of tuition at $11,950, one year of housing at $13,900, and two years of housing replaced by UF's $4,600 living-at-home estimate).

A discounted online term adds a little more. That's more than any administrative cut, athletics cut, or state funding increase in this article would deliver, and it doesn't require the FAFSA to go your way.

Three of the four levers need something from the college. Transfer policies decide whether your high school credits and your community college credits count, and selective schools are stingier than public ones. Residency requirements decide whether you can skip the dorm, and the list of schools requiring two years is growing. Three-year degrees exist only where a school built one.

Ask those three questions before you apply, because the answers change the price more than merit aid usually does.

The one lever that is entirely yours is time. Dual enrollment and exam credit happen in high school, and a 529 plan can pay for dual enrollment in most states. Commuter schools and co-ops exist in every metro. The FAFSA, Pell, and state grants still apply to a student living at home, and a cost of attendance built on a parent's address is a smaller number to borrow against.

College didn't get more expensive, the bundle did. Buy less of the bundle.

Frequently Asked Questions

Has College Tuition Actually Gone Down?

Net tuition has. At public four-year colleges, the real net tuition and fees paid by first-time students fell from a $4,450 peak in 2012-13 to about $2,300 in 2025-26, per the College Board. Sticker prices kept rising, and housing, food, and fees rose faster than tuition, so total cost of attendance still went up.

How Much Would Students Save If Colleges Cut Sports?

At a typical Group of Five public university, students subsidize athletics at about $1,300 to $1,700 a year through fees and university support, per GAO's 2023-24 medians. At an FCS school it's $840 to $1,120. The savings only reach students if the school cuts the athletics fee, which no school in the record has done after a downgrade.

Why Can't Universities Just Cut Pensions And Benefits?

Pension and health costs are the fastest-growing part of college compensation, but campuses don't control them. Public pension rates are set by state systems like CalPERS, accrued benefits are protected by state law and court rulings, and the benefits cover faculty as well as administrators. A university can freeze hiring. It can't cut what it already owes.

Can A College Require You To Live On Campus?

Yes. Most four-year colleges require first-year students to live on campus, and a growing number require two years, including Cal Poly, Michigan State, San Diego State (for non-local students), and Sacramento State starting in 2026. Exemptions usually exist for students commuting from a parent's home within a set distance. Ask for the exemption rules in writing before you deposit.

Is A Three-Year Degree Worth Less Than A Four-Year Degree?

Accreditors have approved 90-credit bachelor's degrees at Merrimack, Johnson & Wales, BYU-Idaho, Weber State, and others, and the degree carries the same title. The programs are new and small, they cut electives rather than major requirements, and graduate schools and licensing boards haven't issued clear acceptance policies yet. Confirm your target graduate program or employer accepts it before enrolling.